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This work was prepared with the goal of supporting dental students and practitioners in addressing some of the challenges they encounter. It is not intended as a comprehensive reference, but rather as a concise guide to facilitate practical learning and application. The illustrations included have been sourced from a variety of references, all of which are fully credited. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to everyone who contributed to this guide. Their invaluable assistance and support made this project possible. We hope, with Allah’s guidance, that this work will be a helpful resource for students and practitioners in the field of dentistry -a light to illuminate any uncertainties and a means to enhance knowledge and improve practical outcomes.